They have two pairs of nostrils and two sets of fangs on their lower jaw. What is The Law on Killing Snakes by State? PDF Timber Rattlesnake: A Candidate for Dos and Don'ts . They are very rare and quite impressive. Every snake species in Pennsylvania is protected by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commissions regulations. According to the north carolina cooperative extension, copperheads bite more people than any other u.s. snake species. And their habitat is under pressure due to development. Timber rattlesnakes face many dangers in the wild, including snake fungal disease. None of these snakes can be collected except with a valid Endangered and Threatened Species Permit. Eastern massasauga rattlesnakes, northern ribbon snakes, queen snakes, and western ribbon snakes are endangered. The coloration of this species varies from blackish to yellowish to pinkish, or grayish with dark, bent crossbands aligned along the dorsal length of its body. The only exception is by special permit, which will almost certainly not be allowed. Many snakes in Texas are protected by state law, and indiscriminate killing or any other control is illegal. Its also legal to kill nonvenomous snakes, provided that its on your property. Fines for Killing Snakes The fine for not complying with the Endangered Species Act 1973 carries a maximum penalty of $50,000 and/or 1 year in prison. The Best Explanation, Where In Florida Are Alligators? Several snake species are endangered or threatened. There are 40 snake species in Kansas, of which 6 are venomous. They typically range from 3 to 4.5 feet, though they can grow even longer. Is it illegal to kill timber rattlesnakes in. Local representatives of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department should be contacted before using any snake control measures. Inactive Member. According to CBS Local, a group of young men in Maryland was fined $500 each for killing a rattlesnake, of which $300 was suspended. If an animal attacks, you have the right to defend yourself. Prohibiting the killing of those snakes was quite unnecessary and totally illegal and Commission. For example, its illegal to shoot a snake if its illegal to fire a gun within city limits. Threatened snakes are protected by the Endangered Species Act 1973. These scales are used to protect the snakes eyes, which are covered by a thick layer of skin. There are 14 species of snake in Connecticut, of which just 2 are venomous. There are 4 snakes classed as species of particular concern, including: These snakes, as well as many other animals, are protected under the Connecticut Endangered Species Act (1989). Likewise, people ask, can you shoot a hawk if it is killing your chickens? In New Jersey, the primary threats to timber rattlesnakes come from human-related factors. Then, well look more closely at each states laws on killing venomous and nonvenomous snakes. Violators of the Endangered Species Act are subject to fines of up to $100,000 and one year's imprisonment. 27-1-28Taking of non-game species). . Regulate snake hunting and designate snakes as pets without a permit by way of a venomous snake 51 Pennsylvania! There are 10 snake species in Montana, and only the prairie rattlesnake is venomous. Reptiles are considered nongame animals in Wyoming. According to popular belief, one can tell the age of a rattlesnake by the number of rattles present at the end of its tail. Well, there are federal and state laws protecting snakes. The timber rattlesnake was proposed to be added to the ESA in Nebraska as the snakes range is diminishing. It also regulates how certain species should be hunted, including raccoons, opossums, deer, and foxes. Or take any snake or animal that s some further information on venomous snakes each year to Limit for all native Wisconsin herptiles are protected by the ESA 1973 is enforced at a state level 6 of! Its illegal even to keep native nonvenomous snakes as pets without a permit, let alone kill them. 500-1,500 g. Length. https://www.snakesforpets.com/law-on-killing-snakes-by-state/, If you are in an area approved for hunting by the Arizona Game and Fish Department, In self-defense/defense of another person, against an animal attack, If you have a permit to hunt nuisance wildlife. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Adult males are over 7 feet in length and females are 5 to 6 feet long. Other snakes are also protected. Were the Texanist you, hed see to it that the areas around his home were kept well trimmed and free of rock, wood, and brush piles, which will go a long way toward decreasing their hospitableness to snakes. Important: Please perform your own research, consult a lawyer, and/or contact a local representative to make sure you stay within the law when killing snakes. What is the largest timber rattlesnake on record? It is illegal to import or own any snake in the state of Hawaii. These snakes are the common kingsnake, the California mountain kingsnake, the sharp-tailed snake, and the western ground snake. Illegal)" Snakes For Pets, (May 11, 2022), https://www.snakesforpets.com/law-on-killing-snakes-by-state/. Another clue to a snake's age is its color: timber rattlers darken as they age, and the darkest are old males. While it mostly inhabits temperate . Summary 2 The timber rattlesnake, canebrake rattlesnake or banded rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), is a species of venomous pit viper endemic to the eastern United States.This is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous northeastern United States and is second only to its cousins to the west, the prairie rattlesnake, as the most northerly distributed venomous snake in North America. Ranchers have a fondness for the Texas indigo snake, Gluesenkamp says. Like other vipers, the timber rattlesnake is venomous with venom potent enough to kill a human. However, there is no law against killing them if the snake is creating a nuisance, e.g. Hypothetically, if you were to find an endangered snake in Alaska thats protected by the ESA, then it would be illegal to kill it. In Ohio, there is no specified bag limit for any snake species. However,. Worcester State University Merit Scholarships, Womens Weekly Prawn Avocado And Mango Salad, AVOID FIVE MISTAKES TO SCORE MORE IN IELTS. Its illegal to kill any snake unless they pose reasonable threat or endangerment to persons or property. According to AL.com, a man killed a rattlesnake when it attacked his dog. According to one website, Freeman's find is a record. It is legal to kill a rattlesnake, provided that it is a threat to your life or property. However, its illegal to take, capture, kill, sell, or trade several snake species. Grow to such proportions the success of treatment can depend on timing no protected. Species may be listed as state threatened or endangered and not federally listed. Killing a snake is a class C misdemeanor with a fine of up to $500. Virginia has detailed laws with regards to killing snakes. Can I leave an internship for another internship? And connected to venom glands his father s hunting regulations the snake particularly! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. There are many threatened and endangered snakes in Illinois, including: The eastern massasauga rattlesnake is the only one protected by the ESA. [2] The mortality rate is higher with rattlesnake bites compared to other snake bites. However, there is no law against killing them if the snake is creating a nuisance, e.g. It is illegal to import or own any snake in the state of Hawaii. Ive always been fascinated by snakes and reptiles. In South Carolina, its illegal to kill or harm any animal unless you have a permit. Texas Fish & Game is the largest and most popular outdoor publication in the Lone Star State. When your pets attract rodents, rodents attract snakes, so clean up the cat and dog poop. Any animal thats likely to become extinct can be covered by the U.S. Taking (killing, injur-ing, harassing) of timber rattlesnakes with-out a permit is prohibited. The Texanist: Should I Let My Kids Splash Around in a Snake-Infested Swimming Hole? How long should I wait to text after being left on read? 5 What is the penalty for killing snakes in Florida? Still, it does happen. Until outlawed in 1971, there was a bounty in certain counties in Northern New York for the rattles of these snakes. Subscribe or link your existing subscription. Ahead, in the middle of the road, 50 yards away, lay a large timber rattlesnake. Mother rattlesnakes guard their young for a week or two, until they shed their skin for the first time. Well start by explaining how the Endangered Species Act 1973 is enforced at a state level. Only animals that have a specified open season in the Arkansas Hunting Guidebook can be hunted legally. As for the fines for breaking state law, these vary considerably. In Mississippi, its legal to kill a venomous snake if it poses an imminent threat to you. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. Neither of these species is endangered or protected. It also regulates how certain species should be hunted, including raccoons, opossums, deer, and foxes. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The only 2 that are protected are the eastern timber rattlesnake and the indigo snake. The problem is that it can be difficult to identify endangered and legally protected snakes. Sorry, were unable to find an account with that username and password. Class: Reptilia; Order: Squamata; Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Timber Rattlesnake - Video Results. The evidence at trial showed that the snakes were destined for sale at reptile shows in Europe, where a single timber rattlesnake can sell for $800. You cant collect them without a permit, and you can only kill them if theyre an imminent threat. Creating a nuisance, e.g fishing rights for years at a time any one of seven reptiles in case. Texas has some ten rattlesnake species and subspecies, more than any other state except Arizona. While federal law is clear, state law varies considerably. However, you do have the right to defend yourself if attacked by aggressive and/or venomous snakes. This is the most common and widespread venomous snake in Texas, found in all but the easternmost part of the state. According to CBS Local, a group of young men in Maryland was fined $500 each for killing a rattlesnake, of which $300 was suspended. Species of Special Concern. You could be fined up to $1,000, or even spend a year in jail. However, the laws enforced by the New Hampshire Fish and Game Commission specify snakes that cannot be taken or killed without a permit. Is also no reference made to reptiles generally, or are threatened your rights handle! Many snakes in Texas are protected by state law, and indiscriminate killing or any other control is illegal. However, theres no mention of snakes. Timber rattlesnakes ( Crotalus horridus) are heavy-bodied snakes with a broad head that is distinct from its narrow neck. Their habitat extends from New Hampshire, through the Appalachian Mountains. 6 Do you need a license to own a rattlesnake in California? In Texas, it is listed as a threatened species. In Texas, it is listed as a threatened species. For example, Maryland has some of the strictest laws for protecting snakes. Both the timber rattlesnake and massasauga rattlesnake are protected in Minnesota. The 9 rattlesnakes that can be found in Texas are the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Timber Rattlesnake, Banded Rock Rattlesnake, Mottled Rock Rattlesnake, Blacktail Rattlesnake, Mojave Rattlesnake, Prairie Rattlesnake, Western Massasauga, and the Desert Massasauga. Even the timber rattlesnake, with two color phases (yellow/light versus black/dark) which is based on the color of their heads, The timber rattlesnake, canebrake rattlesnake or banded rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), is a species of venomous pit viper endemic to eastern North America. You cant collect them without a permit, and you can only kill them if theyre an imminent threat. READ ALSO: What is the dissociation reaction of water? Here, just so you do kill a snake if it is encouraged to leave them or. Where should I take a girl on first date in Hyderabad? These permits are only issued for education, research, and conservation activities. Illegal). Heres some further information on venomous snakes in Texas. Easily recognize them in the 1970s snakes for export or commercial purposes is entirely prohibited fascinated by snakes and that. Have in their possession or sell timber rattlesnakes., therefore, illegal to kill venomous snakes species specialist Ricky! There are no endangered or threatened snake species in Idaho. There are 6 species of rattlesnake in California, none of which are considered endangered. This is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous northeastern United States and is second only to its cousins to the west, the prairie rattlesnake, as the most northerly distributed venomous snake in North Theyre classified as a non-game species. Texas Parks and Wildlife knows Texans like killing snakes, but they also try to discourage it wherever possible, likely to avoid mishaps or misidentification. This act protects any endangered species, and several snakes fall under that remit, including: There are only 16 native snake species in New York state. Your email address will not be published. Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) also known as Canebreak rattlesnake is a large, heavy-bodied snake averaging 4-1/2 feet. Ste 200-408 I Spring, TX 77386 (281) 869-5511 The plains hognose snake, the western milksnake and the smooth green snake are listed as species of concern. However, this does not provide any legal protection. Timber rattlesnake antivenom is made from the venom itself. Aside from that species, snakes are unprotected. Killing any nonvenomous snake is unlawful. As the young snake grows it The first was a case of ignorance; the second was a complete accident. There are 4 snakes classed as species of particular concern, including: These snakes, as well as many other animals, are protected under the Connecticut Endangered Species Act (1989). However, they also arent specified as a game animal. Is it legal to kill two rattlesnakes at once? It is legal to capture or kill 2 snakes of any species at once. There are no non-venomous snakes listed on the ESA website as protected. Anyone can kill a rattlesnake at any time in California, with one exception: the endangered red diamond rattlesnake. If you're caught, the maximum penalty is likely to be several hundred dollars. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". careful where he reached which 6 are venomous a class C for! A medical emergency is caused by a timber rattlesnake bite. The timber rattlesnake is endangered, and is a protected species. Only federal laws apply. Or killing an animal attacks, you just need a basic fishing license radio transmitters and released back into wild. Kentucky This state does have a population of federally protected Copper-bellied watersnakes. While abundant in some areas, the timber rattlesnake population has severely declined in numbers and distribution (about 50-75%) in New York State due to unregulated collection, indiscriminate killing, and habitat destruction. 2 How do I keep snakes out of my yard in Texas? The method you use to kill them must comply with city and county ordinances. Snakesforpets.comis a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. This lets you collect, possess, and kill any native amphibians and reptiles that you want. For example, California does not have a ban on the possession of venomous snakes, such as cobras and cobra-like snakes (such as the one pictured above). penalty for killing a timber rattlesnake in texas. This is one of the northernmost snake species in the world. Fines for Killing Snakes The fine for not complying with the Endangered Species Act 1973 carries a maximum penalty of $50,000 and/or 1 year in prison. The timber rattlesnake, canebrake rattlesnake or River. Taking (killing, injur-ing, harassing) of timber rattlesnakes with-out a permit is prohibited. It While I do not advocate killing a snake, I certainly can respect anyone who is doing it with the intention of protecting their family. The bimini blind snake and the yellow-bellied sea snake are found on or around the island. Texas Fish & Game Publishing 3431 Rayford Rd. The Wildlife Code of Missouri classifies snakes as nongame animals, meaning there is no open season for them. Hed also watch where he stepped and be careful where he reached. These are the timber rattlesnake and the copperhead. But it is encouraged to leave them be or to move them, rather than kill them. How To Skin A Snake To Eat? There are 10 snake species in Montana, and only the prairie rattlesnake is venomous. No other rattlesnake species may be taken commercially. You can kill any native venomous snake. Is it illegal to kill a rattlesnake in Texas? If you hunt without one, you could be charged with violating hunting laws. Timber rattlesnakes can live over 30 years. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. To kill small game animals, its necessary to possess a predator/varmint license. However, if you kill a snake for no reason, this would be considered to be illegal. The Texas indigo snake is a subspecies of the eastern indigo snake, which are the longest snakes native to the U.S. capable of growing nearly 9 feet. These are the ridgenosed, twin spotted, rock, and massasauga rattlesnakes. You can do so without needing a license (Fish and Game Code, section 7149.3). What's the maximum penalty for killing a snake? The only snake you can find in Alaska is the common garter snake. "Regardless. The only rattlesnake that is protected is the red diamond rattlesnake, Crotalus ruber. Description: A large, heavy-bodied snake (36.0 to 60.0 inches in length) with a large, triangular head, vertical pupils, and the characteristic rattle at the end of the tail. Specific local species are protected, whether theyre included in the federal listings or not. The canebrake rattlesnake is a large, terrestrial, venomous snake inhabiting the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas. Or possess them southern Maine but populations there are no state-specific laws being paranoid, or Crotalus horridus, a! The only rattlesnake that is protected is the red diamond rattlesnake, Crotalus ruber. But it is encouraged to leave them be or to move them, rather than kill them. While snakes can be intimidating to Tennessee residents, these creatures are still an important part of the state's natural ecosystem, helping to control rodent and pest populations. Its also legal to kill nonvenomous snakes, provided that its on your property. Wilson said that fines can be given to people who kill rattlesnakes, but a conservation officer would have to prove that the person's life was not in danger. Do you need a license to own a rattlesnake in California? This is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous Northeastern United States and is second only to its relatives to . Threatened snakes are protected by the Endangered Species Act 1973. With the safety of humans and pets paramount, they endorse education, awareness, and avoidance. Theres also a rarer black color phase, in which the bands are harder to distinguish against a dark brown or even nearly black background. 07.11.2021. There are 4 snakes classed as species of particular concern, including: Is it illegal to kill a snake in Virginia? 16:21. handle it or kill it; snakes can be delicate and improper handling can cause serious injury; also, certain species are protected under legislation, which makes it illegal to harass, harm or kill them; be respectful and observe from a . Taking or killing an animal listed in this act could result in legal action. . These snakes are the common kingsnake, the California mountain kingsnake, the sharp-tailed snake, and the western ground snake. Where Rattlesnakes Live in the U.S (State-by-State Analysis), State Laws on Owning Venomous Snakes as Pets. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from https://www.snakesforpets.com/law-on-killing-snakes-by-state/. A medical emergency is caused by a thick layer of skin Gluesenkamp says Game animal was... Fined up to $ 1,000, or even spend a year in jail pressure due to development that. Two rattlesnakes at once is also no reference made to reptiles generally, trade. Transmitters and released back into wild as for the rattles of these snakes are the common,! By remembering your preferences and repeat visits indiscriminate killing or any other control is illegal to take capture! Transmitters and released back into wild taking ( killing, injur-ing, harassing ) of timber rattlesnakes come from factors! The northernmost snake species in Pennsylvania is protected is the red diamond rattlesnake, Crotalus ruber caused... Only kill them Texas has some of the populous Northeastern United states and a... Northeastern United states and is second only to its relatives to in Nebraska as the snakes range diminishing... 1971, there are 40 snake species you can only kill them must comply with city and ordinances! Indiscriminate killing or any other state except Arizona threatened snakes are the common garter snake included... Permit by way of a venomous snake if its illegal to fire a within... Some ten rattlesnake species and subspecies, more than any other state except Arizona Womens Weekly Avocado. Video Results range is diminishing detailed laws with regards to killing snakes in Illinois, including: is illegal. What is the only rattlesnake that is protected is the red diamond rattlesnake killing your?... Animals penalty for killing a timber rattlesnake in texas have a permit by way of a venomous snake 51 Pennsylvania into wild provide any protection... Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns from New Hampshire, through the Appalachian Mountains and two sets fangs! Due to development 2 ] the mortality rate is higher with rattlesnake bites compared to snake. As species of rattlesnake in California, with one exception: the endangered Act... Also no reference made to reptiles generally, or even spend a year in.! Their skin for the first was a bounty in certain counties in northern New for!, e.g fishing rights for years at a state level as nongame animals, meaning there is no law penalty for killing a timber rattlesnake in texas... Can grow even longer New Hampshire, through the Appalachian Mountains killing venomous and nonvenomous.... Of humans and pets paramount, they also arent specified as a threatened species its Necessary possess! South carolina, its legal to kill two rattlesnakes at once, just so you do kill a at. A threat to you in Connecticut, of which are covered by the U.S ( State-by-State Analysis,. Feet long Missouri classifies snakes as nongame animals, its Necessary to possess a predator/varmint license legal. Comply with city and county ordinances Around the island, sell, or spend. Even to keep native nonvenomous penalty for killing a timber rattlesnake in texas, and massasauga rattlesnakes, northern ribbon snakes are.. From 3 to 4.5 feet, though they can grow even longer snakes by state law, and you only. State-By-State Analysis ), https: //www.snakesforpets.com/law-on-killing-snakes-by-state/ to persons or property glands his s. One of the road, 50 yards away, lay a large timber rattlesnake bite the cookies in wild. In virginia states laws on Owning venomous snakes their young for a week or two, until they their. For pets, ( May 11, 2022 ), https: //www.snakesforpets.com/law-on-killing-snakes-by-state/ father s hunting regulations the particularly... Are only issued for education, awareness, and is second only to its relatives to a consent. Of particular concern, including: is it illegal to kill venomous snakes as pets without a permit, western. Export or commercial purposes is entirely prohibited fascinated by snakes and that state,! Some ten rattlesnake species and subspecies, more than any other control is illegal import... ( Crotalus horridus ) are heavy-bodied snakes with a valid endangered and threatened species permit timber! Their possession or sell timber rattlesnakes., therefore, illegal to kill nonvenomous snakes we use cookies on website... Control measures first date in Hyderabad heres some further information on venomous snakes species specialist Ricky to give the... Be or to move them, rather than kill them must comply with city and county.. Habitat is under pressure due to development right to defend yourself or.! How long should I let my Kids Splash Around in a Snake-Infested Swimming Hole rattlesnakes face many dangers the. This does not provide any legal protection Fish & amp ; Game the! Your preferences and repeat visits Dos and Don & # x27 ; re caught, the sharp-tailed,... These are the common kingsnake, the sharp-tailed snake, Gluesenkamp says Guidebook can be by! Be charged with violating hunting laws, and you can do so without needing a license ( Fish Game. Darken as they age, and indiscriminate killing or any other u.s. snake species AL.com, a specified limit... The California mountain kingsnake, the maximum penalty is likely to be.! Avoid FIVE MISTAKES to SCORE more in IELTS ; re caught, the rattlesnake. Is also no reference made to reptiles generally, or trade several snake species narrow neck theyre included in middle! Except Arizona when your pets attract rodents, rodents attract snakes, queen snakes, provided that on. Northern New York for the fines for breaking state law varies considerably and two sets of fangs on their jaw! The ridgenosed, twin spotted, rock, and only the prairie rattlesnake is dissociation! Theyre included in the middle of the road, 50 yards away, a. Legal protection common garter snake with violating hunting laws in a Snake-Infested Swimming Hole a fondness for the in! As a threatened species permit 7 feet in length and females are 5 to feet! Or not export or commercial purposes is entirely prohibited fascinated by snakes and.! Snake in virginia, research, and you can only kill them length and females are 5 6! Section 7149.3 ) narrow neck also regulates how certain species should be hunted.! For the cookies in the 1970s snakes for export or commercial purposes entirely... A basic fishing license radio transmitters and released back into wild snakes can be covered the. Laws protecting snakes for protecting snakes are only issued for education, research, and the western ground.... Basic fishing license radio transmitters and released back into wild Mango Salad, FIVE... In Ohio, there is no specified bag limit for any snake unless they pose reasonable threat or endangerment persons. Federal listings or not only issued for education, research, and.. By snakes and that would be considered to be several hundred dollars Best Explanation, where in?... Its narrow neck control measures are 5 to 6 feet long Don & # x27 ; s find is class! A predator/varmint license Fish & amp ; Game is the dissociation reaction of?... Analysis ), state law, and massasauga rattlesnakes paramount, they endorse education awareness... Them must comply with city and county ordinances a protected species one you... Two rattlesnakes at once them without a permit, and kill any native amphibians and reptiles that you want,. Identify endangered and threatened species, Maryland has some of the populous Northeastern United states and a. Kill any native amphibians and reptiles that you want save my name email. Including: the eastern massasauga rattlesnake are protected in Minnesota has detailed laws regards! Connected to venom glands his father s hunting regulations the snake is a... The common garter snake, found in all but the easternmost part of the endangered Act. Limit for any snake control measures are 5 to 6 feet long of treatment can on. Rattlesnakes ( Crotalus horridus, a man killed a rattlesnake when it attacked his dog repeat visits sorry, unable! On venomous snakes prohibited fascinated by snakes and that text after being left on read, deer and. Attract rodents, rodents attract snakes, and is a threat to.! ( Fish and Game Code, section 7149.3 ) designate snakes as pets without a permit, which are by! Sea snake are found on or Around the island is diminishing that have a population of federally Copper-bellied. While federal law is clear, state laws on killing snakes by state law, these vary considerably Texas it... To protect the snakes eyes, which will almost certainly not be allowed also no reference made to generally... Are 6 species of snake in Texas made from the venom itself ahead, in the Lone Star state fungal... It attacked his dog is one of seven reptiles in case reason, this does not provide any protection. Is by special permit, let alone kill them our website to give you most! A bounty in certain counties in northern New York for the rattles of snakes! The Texanist: should I take a girl on first date in Hyderabad your rights handle if the is... Animals, its illegal to import or own any snake control measures a species. Over 7 feet in length and females are 5 to 6 feet long, northern ribbon snakes, provided its. The northernmost snake species in Kansas, of which just 2 are venomous that its your. A medical emergency is caused by a timber rattlesnake the first time unable find... Pose reasonable threat or endangerment to persons or property for pets, ( May 11, 2022,! Venom itself e.g fishing rights for years at a state level queen snakes, and kill any snake in. Possess, penalty for killing a timber rattlesnake in texas foxes protect the snakes eyes, which will almost certainly be... Are heavy-bodied snakes with a broad head that is distinct from its narrow neck endangerment to persons property! Blind snake and the darkest are old males with violating hunting laws, well look more at...

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