large versionFigure 9: IT Controlled Communication Gear. a phishing attack; the exploitation of vulnerabilities in unpatched systems; or through insider manipulation of systems (e.g. At the same time, adversaries are making substantial investments in technology and innovation to directly erode that edge, while also shielding themselves from it by developing offset, antiaccess/area-denial capabilities.7 Moreover, adversaries are engaging in cyber espionage to discern where key U.S. military capabilities and systems may be vulnerable and to potentially blind and paralyze the United States with cyber effects in a time of crisis or conflict.8. CISA and its partners, through the Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, are responding to active, widespread exploitation of a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability ( CVE-2021-44228) in Apache's Log4j software library, versions 2.0-beta9 to 2.14.1, known as "Log4Shell." Many breaches can be attributed to human error. The controller unit communicates to a CS data acquisition server using various communications protocols (structured formats for data packaging for transmission). However, the credibility conundrum manifests itself differently today. Its worth noting, however, that ransomware insurance can have certain limitations contractors should be aware of. Once inside, the intruder could steal data or alter the network. To understand the vulnerabilities associated with control systems you must know the types of communications and operations associated with the control system as well as have an understanding of the how attackers are using the system vulnerabilities to their advantage. Cyberspace is critical to the way the entire U.S. functions. Specifically, in Section 1647 of the FY16 NDAA, which was subsequently updated in Section 1633 of the FY20 NDAA, Congress directed DOD to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of each major weapons system.60 Although this process has commenced, gaps remain that must be remediated. Operational Considerations for Strategic Offensive Cyber Planning,, See, for example, Emily O. Goldman and Michael Warner, Why a Digital Pearl Harbor Makes Sense . He reiterated . 3 (January 2020), 4883. Risks stemming from nontechnical vulnerabilities are entirely overlooked in strategies and policies for identifying and remediating cyber vulnerabilities in DOD weapons systems. False a. A system could be exploited through a single vulnerability, for example, a single SQL Injection attack could give an attacker full control over sensitive data. The database provides threat data used to compare with the results of a web vulnerability scan. Much of the focus within academic and practitioner communities in the area of cyber deterrence has been on within-domain deterrence, and even studies of cross-domain deterrence have been largely concerned with the employment of noncyber instruments of power to deter cyberattacks. 41 Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities, GAO-19-128 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2018), available at . Optimizing the mix of service members, civilians and contractors who can best support the mission. 3 John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. Creating competitions and other processes to identify top-tier cyber specialists who can help with the DODs toughest challenges. 38 Valerie Insinna, Inside Americas Dysfunctional Trillion-Dollar Fighter-Jet Program, The New York Times Magazine, August 21, 2019, available at . Additionally, cyber-enabled espionage conducted against these systems could allow adversaries to replicate cutting-edge U.S. defense technology without comparable investments in research and development and could inform the development of adversary offset capabilities. These cyber vulnerabilities to the Department of Defenses systems may include: Companies like American Express and Snapchat have had their vulnerabilities leveraged in the past to send phishing emails to Google Workspace and Microsoft 365 users. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited,. Based on this analysis, this capability could proactively conduct threat-hunting against those identified networks and assets to seek evidence of compromise, identify vulnerabilities, and deploy countermeasures to enable early warning and thwart adversary action. With attention focused on developing and integrating AI capabilities into applications and workflows, the security of AI systems themselves is often . While hackers come up with new ways to threaten systems every day, some classic ones stick around. To effectively improve DOD cybersecurity, the MAD Security team recommends the following steps: Companies should first determine where they are most vulnerable. This paper presents a high-level, unclassified overview of threats and vulnerabilities surrounding the U.S. Navy's network systems and operations in cyberspace. Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition, Chief Systems Engineer, Naval Systems of Systems Systems Engineering Guidebook, Volume II. Throughout successive Presidential administrations, even as the particular details or parameters of its implementation varied, deterrence has remained an anchoring concept for U.S. strategy.9 Deterrence is a coercive strategy that seeks to prevent an actor from taking an unacceptable action.10 Robert Art, for example, defines deterrence as the deployment of military power so as to be able to prevent an adversary from doing something that one does not want him to do and that he otherwise might be tempted to do by threatening him with unacceptable punishment if he does it.11 Joseph Nye defines deterrence as dissuading someone from doing something by making them believe the costs to them will exceed their expected benefit.12 These definitions of deterrence share a core logic: namely, to prevent an adversary from taking undesired action through the credible threat to create costs for doing so that exceed the potential benefits. to reduce the risk of major cyberattacks on them. 1 (2017), 20. DOD Cybersecurity Best Practices for Cyber Defense. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA . This article recommends the DoD adopt an economic strategy called the vulnerability market, or the market for zero-day exploits, to enhance system Information Assurance. (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at <, https://media.defense.gov/2018/Feb/02/2001872886/-1/-1/1/2018-NUCLEAR-POSTURE-REVIEW-FINAL-REPORT.PDF, ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons,, https://www.lawfareblog.com/digital-strangelove-cyber-dangers-nuclear-weapons, >; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability,, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, AY22-23 North Campus Key Academic Dates Calendar, Digital Signature and Encryption Controls in MS Outlook, https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ232/PLAW-115publ232.pdf, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. The point of contact information will be stored in the defense industrial base cybersecurity system of records. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. What is Cyber vulnerabilities? DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Supply Chain Risk Management: Reducing Threats to Key U.S. Supply Chains, (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2020), available at <, https://www.dni.gov/files/NCSC/documents/supplychain/20200925-NCSC-Supply-Chain-Risk-Management-tri-fold.pdf, For a strategy addressing supply chain security at the national level, beyond DOD and defense institution building. Vulnerabilities such as these have important implications for deterrence and warfighting. A Senate report accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 included a provision for GAO to review DOD's implementation of cybersecurity for weapon systems in development. Therefore, urgent policy action is needed to address the cyber vulnerabilities of key weapons systems and functions. Art, To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4, no. An attacker that gains a foothold on the control system LAN must discover the details of how the process is implemented to surgically attack it. Cybersecurity threats arent just possible because of hackers savviness. Off-the-shelf tools can perform this function in both Microsoft Windows and Unix environments. An attacker could also chain several exploits together . . 64 As DOD begins to use and incorporate emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, into its weapons platforms and systems, cybersecurity will also need to be incorporated into the early stages of the acquisitions process. 35 Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. Prior to 2014, many of DODs cybersecurity efforts were devoted to protecting networks and information technology (IT) systems, rather than the cybersecurity of the weapons themselves.41 Protecting IT systems is important in its own right. The recent additions of wireless connectivity such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and LTE increase the risk of compromise. For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the Peoples Republic of China 2020, The spread of advanced air defenses, antisatellite, and cyberwarfare capabilities has given weaker actors the ability to threaten the United States and its allies. None of the above Then, in part due to inconsistencies in compliance, verification, and enforcement in the cybersecurity standards established in DFARS, in 2019 DOD issued the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification, which created new, tiered cybersecurity standards for defense contractors and was meant to build on the 2016 DFARS requirement.54 However, this has resulted in confusion about requirements, and the process for independently auditing and verifying compliance remains in nascent stages of development.55 At the same time, in the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress took legislative action to ban government procurement of or contracting with entities that procure telecommunications technologies from specific Chinese firms, including Huawei and ZTE, and affiliated organizations. . George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 147157; and Justin Sherman, How the U.S. Can Prevent the Next Cyber 9/11,, https://www.wired.com/story/how-the-us-can-prevent-the-next-cyber-911/. 66 HASC, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, H.R. . If you feel you are being solicited for information, which of the following should you do? In recent years, while DOD has undertaken efforts to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of individual weapons platforms, critical gaps in the infrastructure remain. Within the Intelligence Community, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence also plays a role in supply chain security through its counterintelligence mission, which includes the defense industrial base. Inevitably, there is an inherent tension between Congresss efforts to act in an oversight capacity and create additional requirements for DOD, and the latters desire for greater autonomy. The most common mechanism is through a VPN to the control firewall (see Figure 10). Users are shown instructions for how to pay a fee to get the decryption key. Most RTUs require no authentication or a password for authentication. 9 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no. Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2018), available at ; Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). A Cyber Economic Vulnerability Assessment (CEVA) shall include the development . Conducts deep-dive investigations on computer-based crimes establishing documentary or physical evidence, to include digital media and logs associated with cyber intrusion incidents. 56 Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting with Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment, Federal Register, July 14, 2020, available at . Essentially, Design Interactive discovered their team lacked both the expertise and confidence to effectively enhance their cybersecurity. Common practice in most industries has a firewall separating the business LAN from the control system LAN. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA One study found that 73% of companies have at least 1 critical security misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack. Ransomware. . These tasks are typically performed on advanced applications servers pulling data from various sources on the control system network. This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. 20 See, for example, Eric Heginbotham et al., The U.S.-China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 19962017 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2015); Michle A. Flournoy, How to Prevent a War in Asia, Foreign Affairs, June 18, 2020; Christopher Layne, Coming Storms: The Return of Great-Power War, Foreign Affairs, November/December 2020; Daniel R. Coats, Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, February 13, 2018), available at https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf. 60 House Armed Services Committee (HASC), National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016, H.R. Bernalillo County had its security cameras and automatic doors taken offline in the Metropolitan Detention Center, creating a state of emergency inside the jail as the prisoners movement needed to be restricted. This means that a singular static assessment is unlikely to capture how vulnerabilities may evolve and change over time.43 Relatedly, a 2018 Government Accountability Office report found pervasive and significant mission-critical vulnerabilities across most weapons systems already under development.44 Between 2012 and 2017, DOD penetration testersindividuals who evaluate the cybersecurity of computer systems and uncover vulnerabilitiesdiscovered mission-critical cyber vulnerabilities in nearly all weapon systems under development.45 Penetration testing teams were able to overcome weapons systems cybersecurity controls designed to prevent determined adversaries from gaining access to these platforms and to maneuver within compromised systems while successfully evading detection. Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition,, terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at <, https://defense360.csis.org/bad-idea-great-power-competition-terminology/. But our competitors including terrorists, criminals, and foreign adversaries such as Russia and China - are also using cyber to try to steal our technology, disrupt our economy and government processes, and threaten critical infrastructure. The operator or dispatcher monitors and controls the system through the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) subsystem. Most PLCs, protocol converters, or data acquisition servers lack even basic authentication. 21 National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: The White House, December 2017), 27, available at . Information shared in this channel may include cyber threat activity, cyber incident details, vulnerability information, mitigation strategies, and more. An effective attack is to export the screen of the operator's HMI console back to the attacker (see Figure 14). The two most valuable items to an attacker are the points in the data acquisition server database and the HMI display screens. 59 These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. Building dependable partnerships with private-sector entities who are vital to helping support military operations. Recognizing the interdependence among cyber, conventional, and nuclear domains, U.S. policymakers must prioritize efforts to reduce the cyber vulnerabilities of conventional and nuclear capabilities and ensure they are resilient to adversary action in cyberspace. Below are some of my job titles and accomplishments. Hall, eds., The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. 8 Gordon Lubold and Dustin Volz, Navy, Industry Partners Are Under Cyber Siege by Chinese Hackers, Review Asserts, Wall Street Journal, March 2019, available at ; Zak Doffman, Cyber Warfare: U.S. Military Admits Immediate Danger Is Keeping Us Up at Night, Forbes, July 21, 2019, available at . Forensics Analyst Work Role ID: 211 (NIST: IN-FO-001) Workforce Element: Cyberspace Enablers / Legal/Law Enforcement. As stated in the Summary: DOD Cyber Strategy 2018, The Department must defend its own networks, systems, and information from malicious cyber activity and be prepared to defend, when directed, those networks and systems operated by non-DOD-owned Defense Critical Infrastructure (DCI) and Defense Industrial Base (DIB) entities. Ensuring the Cyber Mission Force has the right size for the mission is important. Subscribe to our newsletter and get the latest news and updates. (2015), 5367; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4952. Cyber vulnerabilities to DOD Systems may include many risks that CMMC compliance addresses. Though the company initially tried to apply new protections to its data and infrastructure internally, its resources proved insufficient. Failure to proactively and systematically address cyber threats and vulnerabilities to critical weapons systems, and to the DOD enterprise, has deleterious implications for the U.S. ability to deter war, or fight and win if deterrence fails. Strengthening the cybersecurity of systems and networks that support DOD missions, including those in the private sector and our foreign allies and partners. Abstract For many years malicious cyber actors have been targeting the industrial control systems (ICS) that manage our critical infrastructures. Leading Edge: Combat Systems Engineering & Integration, (Dahlgren, VA: NAVSEA Warfare Centers, February 2013), 9; Aegis, https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166739/aegis-weapon-system/. Also, improvements in Russias military over the past decade have reduced the qualitative and technological gaps between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Hall, eds.. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. 65 Nuclear Posture Review (Washington, DC: DOD, February 2018), available at ; Jon Lindsay, Digital Strangelove: The Cyber Dangers of Nuclear Weapons, Lawfare, March 12, 2020, available at ; Paul Bracken, The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability, Orbis 60, no. This articles discussion of credibility focuses on how cyber operations could undermine the credibility of conventional and nuclear deterrence, rather than the challenge of how to establish credible deterrence using cyber capabilities. This led to a backlash, particularly among small- to medium-sized subcontractors, about their ability to comply, which resulted in an interim clarification.56, Moreover, ownership of this procurement issue remains decentralized, with different offices both within and without DOD playing important roles. Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem; Borghard and Lonergan. The attacker must know how to speak the RTU protocol to control the RTU. . Special vulnerabilities of AI systems. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see, https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf. In a typical large-scale production system utilizing SCADA or Distributed Control System (DCS) configuration there are many computer, controller and network communications components integrated to provide the operational needs of the system. In addition to assessing fielded systems vulnerabilities, DOD should enforce cybersecurity requirements for systems that are in development early in the acquisition life cycle, ensuring they remain an essential part of the front end of this process and are not bolted on later.64 Doing so would essentially create a requirement for DOD to institutionalize a continuous assessment process of weapons systems cyber vulnerabilities and annually report on these vulnerabilities, thereby sustaining its momentum in implementing key initiatives. In addition to congressional action through the NDAA, DOD could take a number of steps to reinforce legislative efforts to improve the cybersecurity of key weapons systems and functions. All three are securable if the proper firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and application level privileges are in place. 15 See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. Moreover, the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology in modern weapons systems presents an additional set of vulnerability considerations.39 Indeed, a 2019 DOD Inspector General report found that DOD purchases and uses COTS technologies with known cybersecurity vulnerabilities and that, because of this, adversaries could exploit known cybersecurity vulnerabilities that exist in COTS items.40. , ed. This website uses cookies to help personalize and improve your experience. The DOD published the report in support of its plan to spend $1.66 trillion to further develop their major weapon systems. DODIG-2019-106 (Washington, DC: DOD, July 26, 2019), 2, available at <, https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/DODIG-2019-106.pdf, Valerie Insinna, Inside Americas Dysfunctional Trillion-Dollar Fighter-Jet Program, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/magazine/f35-joint-strike-fighter-program.html, Robert Koch and Mario Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber SecurityA Challenging Union, in, ed. Cyber Economic vulnerability Assessment ( CEVA ) shall include the development support cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include plan! Items to an attacker are the points in the private sector and foreign! Malicious cyber actors have been targeting the industrial control systems ( ICS ) manage. Effective attack is to export the screen of the operator or dispatcher monitors and controls the system through the Interface. Your experience however, that ransomware insurance can have certain limitations contractors should aware! 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